Surgical robotics system

ABSTRACT

A surgical robotics system with robotic arms is configurable to perform a variety of surgical procedures. The surgical robotics system includes a table, column, base, and robotic arms that are either column-mounted, rail-mounted, or mounted on a separate unit. In a column-mounted configuration, the column includes column rings that translate vertically and rotate about the column. The robotic arms are attached to the column rings. In a rail-mounted configuration, the base includes base rails that translate along the base. The robotic arms are attached to the base rails. In both configurations, the robotic arms move independently from each other and include a multiple arm segments. Each arm segment provides an additional degree of freedom to the robotic arm. Thus, the surgical robotics system may position the robotic arms into numerous configurations to access different parts of a patient&#39;s body.

INCORPORATION BY REFERENCE OF ANY PRIORITY APPLICATIONS

Any and all applications for which a foreign or domestic priority claimis identified in the Application Data Sheet as filed with the presentapplication are hereby incorporated by reference under 37 CFR 1.57.

This application is a continuation U.S. application Ser. No. 15/453,798,filed on Mar. 8, 2017, which is a continuation of U.S. application Ser.No. 15/154,762, filed on May 13, 2016, which claims the benefit of andpriority to U.S. Provisional Application No. 62/162,486 filed May 15,2015, U.S. Provisional Application No. 62/162,467 filed May 15, 2015,U.S. Provisional Application No. 62/193,604 filed Jul. 17, 2015, U.S.Provisional Application No. 62/201,518 filed Aug. 5, 2015, U.S.Provisional Application No. 62/203,530 filed Aug. 11, 2015, and U.S.Provisional Application No. 62/235,394 filed Sep. 30, 2015, which areeach incorporated by reference herein in its entirety. This applicationrelates to virtual rails that may be incorporated into a surgicalrobotics system, such as those disclosed in U.S. application Ser. No.14/871,253, which is incorporated by reference herein in its entirety.

FIELD

This description generally relates to surgical robotics, andparticularly to a robotics system configurable for a variety of surgicalprocedures.

BACKGROUND

Robotic technologies have a range of applications. In particular,robotic arms help complete tasks that a human would normally perform.For example, factories use robotic arms to manufacture automobiles andconsumer electronics products. Additionally, scientific facilities userobotic arms to automate laboratory procedures such as transportingmicroplates. Recently, physicians have started using robotic arms tohelp perform surgical procedures. For instance, physicians use roboticarms to control surgical instruments inside a patient. However, existingmedical systems including robotic arms have a high capital cost and aretypically specialized to perform limited types of surgical procedures.Thus, physicians or their assistants may need to obtain multiple roboticarm systems to accommodate a range of surgical procedures. Manuallyreconfiguring a robotic arm system for each surgical procedure is alsotime-consuming and physically demanding for the physicians.

SUMMARY

A surgical robotics system with robotic arms is configurable to performa variety of surgical procedures. The surgical robotics system includesa table, column, base, and robotic arms that are either column-mounted,rail-mounted, or mounted on a separate unit (e.g., a free-standingcolumn). In a column-mounted configuration, the column includes columnrings that translate vertically and rotate about the column. The roboticarms are attached to the column rings. In a rail-mounted configuration,the base includes base rails that translate along the base. The roboticarms are attached to the base rails. In both configurations, the roboticarms move independently from each other and include a multiple armsegments. Each arm segment provides an additional degree of freedom tothe robotic arm. Thus, the surgical robotics system may position therobotic arms into numerous configurations to access different parts of apatient's body. For example, the robotic arms access the lower area ofthe body for ureteroscopy, the core (abdomen) area of the body forprostatectomy, and the upper area of the body for bronchoscopy. Theconfigurability of the robotic arms is an advantage because physiciansmay use the same surgical robotics system to perform a wide range ofsurgical procedures.

The surgical robotics system includes several features that provideadditional advantages. For example, the table includes a swivel segmentthat rotates laterally using double curved rails or a swivel mechanismwith bearings. Rotating a patient on the table laterally provides therobotic arms—or a physician-greater access to operate on the patient.Further, the double curved rails enable the table to support highcantilever loads of the patient's weight in a rotated position. Inanother example, the robotic arms are configurable into a compact stowedposition and stored inside the base. The base protects stored roboticarms from contamination or de-sterilization when not in use.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 is an isometric view of a surgical robotics system according toan embodiment.

FIG. 2A is an isometric view of a table of the surgical robotics systemaccording to one embodiment.

FIG. 2B is a top view of the table according to one embodiment.

FIG. 2C is a top view of a swivel segment of a table according to oneembodiment.

FIG. 2D is a top view of a swivel segment of the table according to oneembodiment.

FIG. 2E is an isometric exploded view of components of a swivelmechanism according to one embodiment.

FIG. 2F is a cross sectional view of the swivel mechanism shown in FIG.2E according to one embodiment.

FIG. 2G is a bottom view of the swivel mechanism shown in FIG. 2Eaccording to one embodiment.

FIG. 2H is an isometric view of a folding segment of the table accordingto one embodiment.

FIG. 2I is another isometric view of a folding segment of the tableaccording to one embodiment.

FIG. 2J is an isometric view of a trapdoor of the table according to oneembodiment.

FIG. 2K is an isometric view of pivots of the table according to oneembodiment.

FIG. 2L is a side view of the table rotated about an axis of pitchaccording to one embodiment.

FIG. 2M is an isometric view of the table rotated about an axis of rowaccording to one embodiment.

FIG. 3A is a side cutaway view of a column of the surgical roboticssystem according to one embodiment.

FIG. 3B is an isometric cutaway view of the column according to oneembodiment.

FIG. 3C is a top view of the column according to one embodiment.

FIG. 4A is an isometric view of a surgical robotics system with acolumn-mounted robotic arm according to one embodiment.

FIG. 4B is an isometric view of a surgical robotics system withcolumn-mounted robotic arms according to one embodiment.

FIG. 5A is an isometric view of a column ring of the surgical roboticssystem according to one embodiment.

FIG. 5B is a bottom view of a set of column rings underneath a tableaccording to one embodiment.

FIG. 5C is an isometric view of the set of column rings mounted to acolumn according to one embodiment.

FIG. 5D is an isometric cutaway view of an arm mount of a column ringaccording to one embodiment.

FIG. 5E is an isometric cutaway view of the arm mount in a telescopedconfiguration according to one embodiment.

FIG. 6A is an isometric view of a robotic arm of the surgical roboticssystem according to one embodiment.

FIG. 6B is an isometric view of an arm segment joint of the robotic armaccording to one embodiment.

FIG. 6C is an isometric view of another arm segment joint of the roboticarm according to one embodiment.

FIG. 7A is an isometric view of a surgical robotics system withcolumn-mounted arms configured to access the lower body area of apatient according to one embodiment.

FIG. 7B is a top view of the surgical robotics system withcolumn-mounted arms configured to access the lower body area of thepatient according to one embodiment.

FIG. 7C is an isometric view of an imaging device and a surgicalrobotics system with column-mounted arms configured to access the lowerbody area of a patient according to one embodiment.

FIG. 7D is a top view of the imaging device and the surgical roboticssystem with column-mounted arms configured to access the lower body areaof the patient according to one embodiment.

FIG. 7E is an isometric view of the surgical robotics system withcolumn-mounted arms configured to access the core body area of a patientaccording to one embodiment.

FIG. 7F is an isometric view of the surgical robotics system withcolumn-mounted arms configured to access the upper body area of apatient according to one embodiment.

FIG. 8A is an isometric view of a base of a surgical robotics systemaccording to one embodiment.

FIG. 8B is an isometric view of open panels of the base according to oneembodiment.

FIG. 8C is an isometric view of robotic arms stowed inside a base of asurgical robotics system according to one embodiment.

FIG. 8D is an isometric view of robotic arms stowed underneath a tableof a surgical robotics system according to one embodiment.

FIG. 8E is an isometric view of robotic arms stowed above a base of asurgical robotics system according to one embodiment.

FIG. 8F is another isometric view of robotic arms stowed above a base ofa surgical robotics system according to one embodiment.

FIG. 8G is an isometric view of outrigger casters on a base of asurgical robotics system according to one embodiment.

FIG. 8H is another isometric view of the outrigger casters on the baseof the surgical robotics system according to one embodiment.

FIG. 8I is a side view of an outrigger caster in a mobile configurationaccording to one embodiment.

FIG. 8J is a side view of the outrigger caster in a stationaryconfiguration according to one embodiment.

FIG. 9A is an isometric view of a surgical robotics system with arail-mounted robotic arm according to one embodiment.

FIG. 9B is an isometric view of a surgical robotics system withrail-mounted robotic arms according to one embodiment.

FIG. 10A is an isometric view of base rails of a surgical roboticssystem according to one embodiment.

FIG. 10B is an isometric view of arm mounts on the base rail accordingto one embodiment.

FIG. 10C is an isometric cutaway view of an arm mount on the base railaccording to one embodiment.

FIG. 10D is cross sectional views of the base rail according to oneembodiment.

FIG. 11 is an isometric view of a surgical robotics system withcolumn-mounted robotics arms and rail-mounted robotic arms according toone embodiment.

FIG. 12 is an isometric view of a surgical robotics system withcolumn-mounted robotics arms on a platform separate from a table and abase of the surgical robotics system according to one embodiment.

Reference will now be made in detail to several embodiments, examples ofwhich are illustrated in the accompanying figures. It is noted thatwherever practicable similar or like reference numbers may be used inthe figures and may indicate similar or like functionality. The figuresdepict embodiments of the described system (or method) for purposes ofillustration only. One skilled in the art will readily recognize fromthe following description that alternative embodiments of the structuresand methods illustrated herein may be employed without departing fromthe principles described herein.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION I. System Overview

Figure (FIG. 1 is an isometric view of a surgical robotics system 100according to an embodiment. A user, e.g., a physician or assistant, usesthe surgical robotics system 100 to perform robotically-assisted surgeryon a patient. The surgical robotics system 100 includes a table 101,column 102, and base 103 physically coupled together. Although not shownin FIG. 1, the table 101, column 102, and/or base 103 may house, connectto, or use electronics, fluidics, pneumatics, aspiration, or otherelectrical and mechanical components that support the function of thesurgical robotics system 100.

The table 101 provides support for a patient undergoing surgery usingthe surgical robotics system 100. Generally, the table 101 is parallelto the ground, though the table 101 may change its orientation andconfiguration to facilitate a variety of surgical procedures. The table101 is further described with reference to FIGS. 2A-I in Section II.Table.

The column 102 is coupled to the table 101 on one end and coupled to thebase 103 on the other end. Generally, the column 102 is cylindricallyshaped to accommodate column rings coupled to the column 102, which arefurther described with reference to FIGS. 5A-E in Section V. ColumnRing, however the column 102 may have other shapes such as oval orrectangular. The column 102 is further described with reference to FIGS.3A-B in Section III. Column.

The base 103 is parallel to the ground and provides support for thecolumn 102 and the table 101. The base 103 may include wheels, treads,or other means of positioning or transporting the surgical roboticssystem 100. The base 103 is further described with reference to FIGS.8A-E in Section VIII. Base.

Alternative views and embodiments of the surgical robotics system 100including the above mentioned components are further illustrated anddescribed at least in U.S. Provisional Application No. 62/162,486 filedMay 15, 2015 and U.S. Provisional Application No. 62/162,467 filed May15, 2015.

II. Table

FIG. 2A is an isometric view of a table 201A of the surgical roboticssystem 100 according to one embodiment. The table 201A is an embodimentof the table 101 in FIG. 1. The table 201A includes a set of one or moresegments. Generally, a user changes the configuration of the table 201Aby configuring the set of segments. The surgical robotics system 100 mayalso configure the segments automatically, for example, by using a motorto reposition a segment of the set of segments. An example set ofsegments is shown in FIG. 2A, and includes a swivel segment 210, centersegment 212, foldable segment 214, detachable segment 216, and tablebase 218. The swivel segment 210, center segment 212, and foldablesegment 214 are coupled to the table base 218. FIG. 2A shows thedetachable segment 216 separated from the table base 218, though thedetachable segment 216 may also be coupled to the table base 218. Invarious implementations, additional or fewer segments may be used.

An advantage of configuring the set of segments of the table 201A isthat a configured table 201A may provide greater access to a patient onthe table 201A. For instance, the surgical robotics system 100 performsa surgical procedure on the patient that requires access to the groinarea of the patient. When a patient is laying face-up on a typicalsurgical bed, there is more access to the patient's head, arms, and legsthan to the patient's groin area. Since the groin area is located towardthe center of the patient's body, the legs often obstruct access to thegroin area. The detachable segment 216 is detachable from the table201A. The table 201A without the detachable segment 216 provides greateraccess to the groin area of a patient lying on the table 201A with thepatient's head toward the side of the table 201A with the swivel segment210. In particular, removing the detachable segment 216 opens morespace, for example, to insert a surgical instrument into the groin area.If additional space is required to access the groin area, the foldablesegment 214 may be folded down, away from the patient (further describedin FIG. 2H). The center segment 212 includes a cutout section 220, whichalso provides greater access to the groin area.

The swivel segment 210 pivots laterally relative to the table 201A. Theswivel segment 210 includes an arcuate edge 222 and the center segment212 also includes in arcuate edge 224. Due to the arcuate edges, thereis minimal gap between the swivel segment 210 and the center segment 212as the swivel segment 210 pivots away from or toward the table 201A. Aconfiguration of the table 201A with the swivel segment 210 pivoted awayfrom the table 201A provides greater access to the groin area becausethe other segments of the table 201A are not obstructing the groin area.An example of this configuration is further described with respect toFIGS. 7C-D in Section VII. A Lower Body Surgery. Additionally, theswivel segment 210 also includes a cutout section 226, which providesyet greater access to the groin area.

FIG. 2B is a top view of the table 201A according to one embodiment.Specifically, FIG. 2B shows the table base 218 with a partial cutawayview and a portion of the swivel segment 210. Components inside theswivel segment 210 are exposed for purposes of illustration. The tablebase 218 includes double curved rails 230, that is, two curved linearrails (also referred to as a first bearing subassembly). The swivelsegment 210 also includes double curved rails 232 (also referred to as asecond bearing subassembly). The first bearing assembly coupled to thesecond bearing assembly may be referred to as a bearing mechanism. Thedouble curved rails 230 of the table base 218 engage with the doublecurved rails 232 of the swivel segment 210. Both double curved rails areconcentric to a virtual circle 234. The swivel segment 210 pivots aboutan axis passing through a point 236 at the center of the virtual circle234 perpendicular to the plane of the table base 218. The double curvedrails 230 of the table base 218 include a first carriage 238 and asecond carriage 240. Similarly, the double curved rails 232 of theswivel segment 210 include a first carriage 242 and a second carriage244. The carriages provide structural support and negate moment loads,which enables the double curved rails to support high cantilevered loadsup to at least 500 pounds. For instance, pivoting a patient away fromthe table 201A generates a high cantilevered load on the double curvedrails supporting the patient's weight. The table base 218 and swivelsegment 210 may include additional load-sharing components such asrollers, cam followers, and bearings. In some embodiments, the swivelsegment 210 and table base 218 each include a single curved rail insteadof double curved rails. Further, each curved rail may include additionalor fewer carnages.

FIG. 2C is a top view of the swivel segment 210 of the table 201Aaccording to one embodiment. The center of mass 250 illustrates thecenter of mass of the swivel segment 210 and a patient (not shown) lyingon the swivel segment 210. The swivel segment 210 is pivoted at an anglea about the axis 236. Compared to the center of mass 246 shown in FIG.2D, the center of mass 250 is closer toward the table base 218(corresponding to table base 218B in FIG. 2D), even though the swivelsegments in both FIG. 2C and FIG. 2D are each pivoted at the same anglea. Keeping the center of mass 250 close toward the table 218 helps theswivel segment 210 support greater cantilever loads-due to thepatient-without tipping over the surgical robotics system. In someembodiments, the swivel segment 210 may be rotated up to an a angle of30 degrees or 45 degrees relative to table base 218, while keeping thecenter of mass of the swivel segment 210 above the table 201A.

FIG. 2D is a top view of a swivel segment 210A of a table 201B accordingto one embodiment. Specifically, the table 201B includes a table base218A and a swivel segment 210A. The table 201B does not include doublecurved rails, but instead includes a swivel mechanism 278 that isfurther described below with reference to FIGS. 2E-G. The center of mass246 illustrates the center of mass of the swivel segment 210A and apatient (not shown) lying on the swivel segment 210A. The swivel segment210A is pivoted at an angle a about an axis 248. Accordingly, the centerof mass 246 is positioned off of the table base 218A.

FIG. 2E is an isometric exploded view of components of a swivelmechanism 278 (which can also be referred to as a bearing mechanism) ofthe table 201B according to one embodiment. The swivel mechanism 278includes a first bearing subassembly coupled to a second bearingsubassembly. In particular, the swivel mechanism 278 includes a harmonicdrive motor 280, static plate 281, shim 282, inner bearing race 283,bearing 284, outer bearing race cleat 285, inner bearing race support286, static ring 287, motor housing mount 288, encoder strip 289, driveplate 290, encoder sensor 291, and swivel insert 292. The motor housingmount 288 is stationary relative to the table base 218A. The harmonicdrive motor 280 rotates the swivel segment 210A about the axis 248. Thefirst bearing subassembly includes the components described above thatare coupled to the table base 218A. The second bearing subassemblyincludes the components described above that are coupled to the swivelsegment 210A.

FIG. 2F is a cross sectional view of the swivel mechanism 278 shown inFIG. 2E according to one embodiment. The harmonic drive motor 280 iscoupled to the motor housing mount 288. The motor housing mount 288 iscoupled to the static ring 287 and the static plate 281. The staticplate 281 is coupled to the table base 218A using the shim 282 such thatthe harmonic drive motor 280 is also stationary relative to the tablebase 218A.

The harmonic drive motor 280 includes a driving axle 294 coupled to adriving face 296 such that the driving axle 294 and driving face 296rotate together. The driving face 296 is coupled to the drive plate 290.The drive plate 290 is coupled to the inner bearing race support 286.The inner bearing race support 286 is coupled to the swivel insert 292and the inner bearing race cleat 283. The inner bearing race support 286is movably coupled to the table base 218A by the bearing 284 (e.g., across roller bearing). The swivel insert 292 is coupled to the swivelsegment 210A such that rotating the driving axle 294 and driving face296 causes the swivel segment 210A to rotate in the same direction.Though not shown in FIG. 2F, the swivel mechanism 278 may includeadditional components between the static plate 281 and the inner bearingrace cleat 283 to provide additional stability, e.g., in the form of aphysical hard stop. Further, though not shown in FIG. 2F, the encodersensor 291 is coupled to the motor housing mount 288 by the encoderstrip 289. The encoder sensor 291 records information about the rotationof the swivel segment 210A, e.g., the position of the swivel segment210A up to an accuracy of 0.1 degrees at 0.01 degree resolution. FIG. 2Fshows several screws (or bolts) that are used to couple components ofthe swivel mechanism, though it should be noted that the components maybe coupled using other methods, e.g., welding, press fit, gluing, etc.

The swivel mechanism 278 allows the harmonic drive motor 280 to rotatethe swivel segment 210A with precise control, while supporting a load ofup to 500 pounds, e.g., from a patient lying on the swivel segment 210A.In particular, the harmonic drive motor 280 may rotate the swivelsegment 210A up to a rotational velocity of 10 degrees per second, andup to 45 degrees in either direction about the axis 248. Further, theswivel segment 210A is rotated such that the maximum velocity of thecenter of mass of the patient is 100 millimeters per second, and thetime to the maximum velocity is 0.5 seconds. In some embodiments, one ofthe bearings of the swivel mechanism is a cross roller bearing—e.g.,with ball bearings with a bearing friction coefficient of approximately0.0025—that helps further provide stability to allow the preciserotation of the swivel segment 210A, while maintaining cantilever loadsfrom the patient's weight. The harmonic drive motor 280 can generate upto 33 Newton meters of torque to rotate the swivel segment 210A with theweight of the patient. In some embodiments, the harmonic drive motor 280includes an internal brake with a holding torque of at least 40 Newtonmeters.

FIG. 2G is a bottom view of the swivel mechanism shown in FIG. 2Eaccording to one embodiment. The harmonic drive motor 280 is exposedsuch that electrical wires, e.g., from a column of the surgical roboticssystem, may be coupled to the harmonic drive motor 280 to providecontrol signals to the harmonic drive motor 280.

FIG. 2H is an isometric view of a foldable segment 214C of a table 201Caccording to one embodiment. The table 201C is an embodiment of table201A in FIG. 2A. The table 201C also includes a center segment 212Ccoupled to a table base 218C. The foldable segment 214C rotates usingbearings about an axis 252 parallel to the table base 218C. The foldablesegment 214C is rotated such that the foldable segment 214C isorthogonal to the table base 218C and the center segment 212C. In otherembodiments, the foldable segment 214C may be rotated to other anglesrelative to the table base 218C and the center segment 212C. Thefoldable segment 214C includes a cutout section 254, for example, toprovide greater access to a patient lying on the table 201C. In otherembodiments, the foldable segment 214C does not include a cutoutsection.

FIG. 2I is another isometric view of a foldable segment 214D of a table201D according to one embodiment. The table 201D is an embodiment oftable 201A in FIG. 2A. The foldable segment 214D is rotated such thatthe foldable segment 214D and the table base 218D is positioned at anangle β relative to each other. The table 201D includes a mechanism forthe foldable segment 214D and the center segment 212D to maintain therotated position while supporting the weight of a patient on the table201D. For example, the mechanism is a friction brake at the joint of thefoldable segment 214D and the center segment 212D that holds the twosegments at the angle β. Alternatively, the foldable segment 214Drotates about the center segment 212D using a shaft and the mechanism isa clutch that locks the shaft, and thus keeps the two segments at afixed position. Though not shown in FIG. 2I, the table 201D may includemotors or other actuators to automatically rotate and lock the foldablesegment 214D to a certain angle relative to the center segment 212D.Rotating the foldable segment 214D is advantageous, for example, becausethe corresponding configuration of the table 201D provides greateraccess to the area around the abdomen of a patient lying on the table201D.

FIG. 2J is an isometric view of a trapdoor 256 of a table 201E accordingto one embodiment. The table 201E is an embodiment of table 201A in FIG.2A. Specifically, the table 201E includes the trapdoor 256 and adrainage component 258 positioned below the trapdoor 256. The trapdoor256 and drainage component 258 collect waste materials such as fluid(e.g., urine), debris (e.g., feces) that are secreted or released by apatient lying on the table during a surgical procedure. A container (notshown) may be positioned below the drainage component 258 to collect andstore the waste materials. The trapdoor 256 and drainage component 258are advantageous because they prevent waste materials from soiling ordesterilizing equipment such as other components of the surgical roboticsystem 100 or other surgical tools in an operating room with thesurgical robotic system 100.

FIG. 2K is an isometric view of pivots of the table 201A according toone embodiment. Specifically, the table 201A includes a first pivot 260and a second pivot 262. The table 201A rotates about a first axis 264. Auser, e.g., a physician, may rotate the table 201A about the first axis264 or the second axis 266 manually or assisted by the surgical roboticssystem 100. The surgical robotics system 100 may also rotate the table201A automatically, for example, by using control signals to operate amotor coupled to the first pivot 260 or the second pivot 262. The motor280 is coupled to the first pivot 260. Rotation of the table 201A mayprovide greater access to certain areas of a patient lying on the table201A during a surgical procedure. Specifically, the table 201A isconfigured to orient a patient lying on the table 201A in aTrendelenburg position by rotating about the first axis 264. Rotation ofthe table 201A is further described in FIGS. 2L-M.

FIG. 2L is a side view of the table 201A rotated about the axis of pitch264 according to one embodiment. Specifically, the table 201A is rotatedto an angle y relative to a plane 268 parallel to the ground.

FIG. 2M is an isometric view of the table 201A rotated about the axis ofrow 266 according to one embodiment. Specifically, the table 201A isrotated to an angle 8 relative to the plane 268 parallel to the ground.The table 201A is illustrated as transparent to expose componentsunderneath the table 201A. The table includes a set of rails 270. Thetable 201A may translate laterally along an axis 266 parallel to the setof rails 270. The surgical robotics system 100 translates the table 201Alaterally using, for example, a motor or other means of actuation (notshown). A user of the surgical robotics system 100 may also manuallytranslate the table 201A, or with assistance from the surgical roboticssystem 100.

Alternative views and embodiments of the table 201A including the abovementioned components are further illustrated and described at least inU.S. Provisional Application No. 62/235,394 filed Sep. 30, 2015.

III. Column

FIG. 3A is a side cutaway view of the column 102 of the surgicalrobotics system 100 according to one embodiment. The column 102 includeselectrical and mechanical and other types of components to performfunctions of the surgical robotics system 100. The column 102 includes apitch rotation mechanism 310, column telescoping mechanism 320, ringtelescoping mechanisms 330A and 330B, and ring rotation mechanisms 340Aand 340B. The ring rotation mechanisms 340A and 340B are furtherdescribed in FIG. 3B.

The surgical robotics system 100 rotates the table 101 about the axis ofpitch 264 (also illustrated previously in FIGS. 2K-L) using the pitchrotation mechanism 310. The pitch rotation mechanism 310 includes apitch rotation motor 312, right angle gearbox 314, pitch rotation leadscrew 316, and pitch rotation bracket 318. The pitch rotation motor 312is coupled to the right angle gearbox 314. The pitch rotation motor 312is orthogonal to the pitch rotation lead screw 316. The pitch rotationlead screw 316 is movably coupled to the pitch rotation bracket 318. Theright angle gearbox 314 is coupled to the pitch rotation lead screw 316.Output rotation of the pitch rotation motor 312 causes translationalmotion of the pitch rotation lead screw along an axis 311. Accordingly,translational motion of the pitch rotation lead screw 318 causes thetable 101 to rotate about the axis of pitch 264.

The surgical robotics system 100 translates the table vertically usingthe column telescoping mechanism 320. The column telescoping mechanism320 includes a column telescoping motor 322, column telescoping leadscrew 324, and column telescoping rail 326. The column telescoping motor322 is coupled to the column telescoping lead screw 324. The columntelescoping motor 322 and the column telescoping lead screw 324 arestationary relative to the base 103. The column telescoping lead screw324 is engaged with the column telescoping rail 326. Output rotation ofthe column telescoping motor 322 causes the column telescoping rail 326to translate along a vertical axis 321 along the column telescoping leadscrew 324. As the column telescoping rail 326 translates in the positivedirection along the vertical axis 321, the height of the column 102 andthe table 101 increases.

The column 102 also includes a lower column segment 350, middle columnsegment 352, and upper column segment 354. The lower column segment 350is coupled to the base 103 and stationary relative to the base 103. Themiddle column segment 352 is movably coupled to the lower column segment350. The upper column segment 354 is movably coupled to the middlecolumn segment 352. In other embodiments, a column 102 may includeadditional or fewer column segments.

The upper column segment 354 and/or the middle column segment 352 alsotranslate along the vertical axis 321 to extend the height of the column102. Similarly, as the column telescoping rail 326 translates in thenegative direction along the vertical axis 321, the height of the column102 and the table 101 decreases. Further, the upper column segment 354and/or the middle column segment 352 also translate along the verticalaxis 321, collapsing over the lower column segment 350. A table 101 withadjustable height is advantageous because the table 101 facilitates avariety of surgical procedures. Specifically, one surgical procedurerequires a patient lying on the table 101 to be positioned at a heightlower than the height of a patient lying on the table 101 for adifferent surgical procedure. In some embodiments, the columntelescoping mechanism 320 uses other means of actuation such ashydraulics or pneumatics instead of—or in addition to—motors.

The surgical robotics system 100 translates column rings 305A and 305Bvertically using the ring telescoping mechanisms 330A and 330B. The ringtelescoping mechanism 330A includes a ring telescoping motor 332, ringtelescoping lead screw 334, and ring telescoping rail 336. Column ringsare further described with reference to FIGS. 5A-E in Section V. ColumnRing. Column rings 305A and 305B are movably coupled to the column 102and translate along a vertical axis 331. Generally, a column 102includes a ring telescoping mechanism for each column ring of the column102. Specifically, the column 102 includes ring telescoping mechanism330A and second ring telescoping mechanism 330B. The ring telescopingmotor 332 is coupled to the ring telescoping lead screw 334. The ringtelescoping motor 332 and the ring telescoping lead screw 334 arestationary relative to the base 103. The ring telescoping lead screw 334is engaged with the ring telescoping rail 336. The ring telescoping rail336 is coupled to the column ring 305A. Output rotation of the ringtelescoping motor 332 causes the ring telescoping rail 336 to translatealong the vertical axis 331 and along the ring telescoping lead screw334. As the ring telescoping rail 336 translates in the positivedirection or negative direction along the vertical axis 331, the heightof a corresponding column ring increases or decreases, respectively.

FIG. 3B is an isometric cutaway view of the column 102 according to oneembodiment. The column 102 includes a first accordion panel 360A and asecond accordion panel 360B. The accordion panels 360A and 360B extendor fold as the surgical robotics system 100 translates column rings 305Aand 305B in the positive direction or negative direction along thevertical axis 331, respectively. The accordion panels 360A and 360B areadvantageous because they protect electrical and mechanical and othertypes of components inside the column 102 (e.g., the pitch rotationmechanism 310, column telescoping mechanism 320, ring telescopingmechanisms 330A and 330B, and ring rotation mechanisms 340A and 340B)from becoming soiled or de-sterilized by fluid waste and other hazards.FIG. 3B shows an isometric view of the ring rotation mechanism 340A,while the ring rotation mechanism 340B is obscured by the column 102.

The surgical robotics system 100 rotates column rings 305A and 305Busing the ring rotation mechanisms 340A and 340B, respectively. The ringtelescoping rail 336 is coupled to the ring rotation motor 342 by a ringrotation bracket 344. The ring rotation motor 342 is coupled to a set ofgears 346. The set of gears 346 includes a driving gear 346G. Thedriving gear 346G is engaged with a column ring rail 348 of the columnring 305A. Output rotation of the ring rotation motor 342 causes the setof gears 346 and the driving gear 346G to rotate. Accordingly, therotation of the driving gear 346G causes the column ring 305A to rotateabout a vertical axis 341 concentric to the column 102. The column 102includes another ring rotation mechanism 340B corresponding to thecolumn ring 305B. Generally, both ring rotation mechanisms 340A and 340Band column rings 305A and 305B will be substantially the same, howeverin other implementations they may be constructed using differentmechanisms.

FIG. 3C is a top view of the ring rotation mechanism 340A according toone embodiment. For purposes of clarity, FIG. 3C only shows the drivinggear 346G, the column ring 305A, and the column ring rail 348 of thering rotation mechanism 340A. In an example use case, the surgicalrobotics system 100 rotates the driving gear 346G clockwise to rotatethe column ring rail 348—and thus, the column ring 305A-clockwise aboutthe vertical axis 341.

Alternative views and embodiments of the column 103 including the abovementioned components are further illustrated and described at least inU.S. Provisional Application No. 62/162,486 filed May 15, 2015 and U.S.Provisional Application No. 62/162,467 filed May 15, 2015.

IV. Column-Mounted Robotic Arms

FIG. 4A is an isometric view of a surgical robotics system 400A with acolumn-mounted robotic arm 470A according to one embodiment. Thesurgical robotics system 400A includes a set of robotic arms, a set ofcolumn rings, table 401A, column 402A, and base 403A. The surgicalrobotics system 400A is an embodiment of the surgical robotics system100 shown in FIG. 1. Generally, the set of robotics arms includes one ormore robotic arms, such as robotic arm 470A, where the robotic arms arecoupled to one or more column rings, such as column ring 405A. Columnrings are described in more detail with respect to FIGS. 5A-E in SectionV. Column Ring below. Robotic arms are described in more detail withrespect to FIGS. 6A-C in Section VI. Robotic Arm below. Column rings405A are movably coupled to the column 402A. Thus, a robotic arm 470Aattached to a column 405A may be referred to as a column-mounted roboticarm 470A. As introduced above, the surgical robotics system 400A usesrobotic arms 470A to perform surgical procedures on a patient lying onthe table 401A.

FIG. 4B is an isometric view of a surgical robotics system 400B withcolumn-mounted robotic arms according to one embodiment. The surgicalrobotics system 400B is an embodiment of the surgical robotics system400A shown in FIG. 4A. The surgical robotics system 400B includesmultiple robotic arms, i.e., a first robotic arm 470B, second roboticarm 470C, third robotic arm 470D, and fourth robotic arm 470E, as wellas multiple column rings, i.e., a first column ring 405B and secondcolumn ring 405C. In other embodiments, the surgical robotics system400B may include additional or fewer robotic arms and/or column rings.Further, the robotic arms may be coupled to column rings in variousconfigurations. For example, three robotic arms may be coupled to acolumn ring. Additionally, the surgical robotics system 400B may includethree column rings each coupled to two robotic arms.

Alternative views and embodiments of the surgical robotics system 400Bincluding the above mentioned components with column-mounted roboticarms are further illustrated and described at least in U.S. ProvisionalApplication No. 62/162,486 filed May 15, 2015 and U.S. ProvisionalApplication No. 62/162,467 filed May 15, 2015.

V. Column Ring

FIG. 5A is an isometric view of a column ring 505 of a surgical roboticssystem—for example, surgical robotics system 100, 400A, or400B-according to one embodiment.

The column ring 505 includes a column ring rail 510, arm mount pivot512, arm mount base 514, and a set of arm mounts. The set of arm mountsincludes one or more arm mounts. Specifically, the set of arm mounts inFIG. 5A includes a first arm mount 506A and a second arm mount 506B.Generally, each arm mount of the set of arm mounts and the arm mountbase 514 are cylindrically shaped.

The first arm mount 506A and the second arm mount 506B are movablycoupled the arm mount base 514. The first arm mount 506A and the secondarm 506B mount may rotate-together or independently-about the axis 511concentric to the arm mount base 514. For example, the surgical roboticssystem 400B rotates the first arm mount 506A and the second arm mount506B using a motor or other means of actuation (not shown) inside thearm mount base 514 or arm mounts. In some embodiments, the first armmount 506A and the second arm mount 506B rotate at predeterminedincrements, e.g., increments of 15 degrees.

The arm mount base 514 is coupled to the arm mount pivot 512. The armmount pivot 512 uses a motor or other means of actuation (not shown)inside the arm mount pivot 512 to rotate the arm mount base 514 aboutthe axis 521 orthogonal to the axis 511. The arm mount pivot 512 iscoupled to, and stationary relative to, the column ring rail 510.Rotating the arm mount base 514 is advantageous because robotic arms(and arm mounts) coupled to the arm mount base 514 may be reoriented inresponse to rotation of the table 401B. Accordingly, robotic armscoupled to the arm mounts of the arm mount base 514 have greater accessto a patient lying on the table 401B.

FIG. 5B is a bottom view of the set of column rings underneath the table401B of FIG. 4B according to one embodiment. The set of column ringsincludes the first column ring 405B and the second column ring 405C.Note that FIG. 5B shows the first column ring 405B and the second columnring 405C aligned such that the arm mounts are on the same side of thetable 401B, while FIG. 4B shows the first column ring 405B and thesecond column ring 405C positioned such that the arm mounts are onopposite sides of the table 401B. The surgical robotics system 400B mayrotate the column rings 405B and 405C to position the arm mounts inother configurations. For example, two arm mounts are positioned on oneside of the table 401B and two arm mounts are positioned on an oppositeside of the table 401B. By rotating column rings independently from eachother around the column, the surgical robotics system 400B may configurethe arm mounts—and thus, robotic arms mounted to the arm mounts—in agreater number of possible positions. Due to this configurability, thesurgical robotics system 400B accommodates a variety of surgicalprocedures because the robotic arms can access any area (e.g., upperbody, core body, or lower body) of the body of a patient lying on thetable 401B. In some embodiments, each arm mount of the column ringsinclude a notch 516 which facilitates the attachment of a robotic arm tothe arm mount.

FIG. 5C is an isometric view of the set of column rings mounted to thecolumn 402B of FIG. 4B according to one embodiment. Similarly to FIG.5B, FIG. 5C shows all the arm mounts aligned on the same side of thesurgical robotics system 400B.

FIG. 5D is an isometric cutaway view of an arm mount 506C of a columnring according to one embodiment. The arm mount 506C includes an armmount telescoping mechanism 520 and a set of arm mount segments. The armmount telescoping mechanism 520 includes an arm mount telescoping motor522, arm mount telescoping lead screw 524, and arm mount telescopingrail 526. Generally, the set of arm mount segments includes one or morearm mount segments. Specifically, the set of arm mount segments in FIG.5D includes a lower arm mount segment 530, middle arm mount segment 532,and upper arm mount segment 534. A robotic arm segment 571 (e.g., of therobotic arm 470B in FIG. 4B) is coupled to the upper arm mount segment534. The middle arm mount segment 532 and the upper arm mount segment534 are movably coupled to the lower arm mount segment 530. The lowerarm mount segment 530 is coupled to an arm mount base (e.g., arm mountbase 514 in FIG. 5A).

The surgical robotics system 400B translates the arm mount 506C along anaxis 531 using the arm mount telescoping mechanism 520. In FIG. 5D, theaxis 531 is in a horizontal orientation, though it should be noted that,in other embodiments, the axis 531 is in a vertical or any otherorientation. The arm mount telescoping motor 522 is coupled to the armmount telescoping rail 526. The arm mount telescoping rail 526 isengaged with the arm mount telescoping lead screw 524. The arm mounttelescoping lead screw 524 is stationary relative to the lower arm mountsegment 530. Output rotation of the arm mount telescoping motor 522causes the arm mount telescoping rail 526 to translate along thevertical axis 531. Translation of the arm mount 506C is advantageousbecause, if the arm mount 506C is extended, a robotic arm mounted to thearm mount 506C may have greater access to a patient lying on the table401B during a surgical procedure.

FIG. 5E is an isometric cutaway view of the arm mount 506C in atelescoped configuration according to one embodiment. In the telescopedconfiguration, the upper arm mount segment 534 and the middle arm mountsegment 532 extend in the positive axis 531 direction to facilitateextension of the arm mount 506C.

Alternative views and embodiments of the column ring 505 including theabove mentioned components are further illustrated and described atleast in U.S. Provisional Application No. 62/162,486 filed May 15, 2015and U.S. Provisional Application No. 62/162,467 filed May 15, 2015.

VI. Robotic Arm

FIG. 6A is an isometric view of a robotic arm 670 of a surgical roboticssystem—for example, surgical robotics system 100, 400A, or400B-according to one embodiment. Generally, the robotic arm 670includes a set of robotic arm segments such as robotic arm segments 671,672, 673, 674, 675, 676, and 677. Each arm segment is movably coupled toat least one other arm segment at an arm segment joint. In particular,the first arm segment 671 is movably coupled to the second arm segment672, the second arm segment 672 is movably coupled to the third armsegment 673, and so forth. The first arm segment 671 is movably coupledto an arm mount (e.g., arm mount 506A in FIG. 5A). The seventh armsegment 677 (or the last arm segment of a set of arm segments includinga number of arm segments different than seven), is coupled to a surgicalinstrument. The seventh arm segment 677 may also include mechanisms tohold a surgical instrument such as a clamp or robotic fingers. Therobotic arm 670 uses electrical and mechanical components, such asmotors, gears, and sensors, inside the robotic arm segments to rotatethe arm segments at the arm segment joints.

The robotic arm 670 receives control signals from a robotic arm controlsystem, for example, housed in the column 402B in FIG. 4B. In someembodiments, the robotic arm 670 receives control signals from a roboticarm control system located outside of the column 402B or separate fromthe surgical robotics system 400B. Generally, the robotic arm 670 mayinclude sensors that provide sensor data to the robotic arm controlsystem. Specifically, pressure sensors provide force feedback signalsand encoders or potentiometers provide measurements of rotation of armsegments. The robotic arm control system uses the sensor data togenerate the control signals provided to the robotic arm 670. Since eacharm segment may rotate with respect to another adjacent segment, eacharm segment provides an additional degree of freedom to the mechanicalsystem of the robotic arm 670. By rotating the robotic arm segments, thesurgical robotics system 400B positions a surgical instrument coupled tothe robotic arm 670 such that the surgical instrument has access to apatient undergoing a surgical procedure. Configurations of robotic armsof the surgical robotics system 400B are further described withreference to FIGS. 7A-F in Section VII. System Orientations forPerforming Surgical Procedures.

FIG. 6B is an isometric view of an arm segment joint 610 of the roboticarm 670 according to one embodiment. The first arm segment 671A and thesecond arm segment 672A are embodiments of any of the arm segments inFIG. 6A. The arm segments 671A and 672A are cylindrically shaped andjoined at the plane 612. The first arm segment 671A rotates relative tothe second arm segment 672A about an axis 611 perpendicular to the plane612. Further, the axis 611 is perpendicular to the plane 614 of thesecond arm segment 672A and perpendicular to the plane 616 of the firstarm segment 671A. That is, the axis 611 is longitudinal relative to thearm segments 671A and 672A.

FIG. 6C is an isometric view of another arm segment joint 620 of therobotic arm 670 according to one embodiment. The arm segments 671B and672B are joined at the plane 622. Unlike the cylindrically shaped armsegments shown in FIG. 6B, the arm segments 671B and 672B each include acurved section 628 and 630, respectively. The first arm segment 671Brotates relative to the second arm segment 672B about an axis 621perpendicular to the plane 622. The axis 621 is not perpendicular to theplane 624 of the arm segment 672B and not perpendicular to the plane 626of the arm segment 671B. In some embodiments, the axis of rotation isperpendicular to a plane of one arm segment, but not perpendicular to aplane of the other arm segment of an arm segment joint.

Alternative views and embodiments of the robotic arm 670 including theabove mentioned components are further illustrated and described atleast in U.S. Provisional Application No. 62/162,486 filed May 15, 2015and U.S. Provisional Application No. 62/162,467 filed May 15, 2015.

VII. System Orientations for Performing Surgical Procedures

surgical robotics system 400B in FIG. 4B performs a variety of surgicalprocedures using column-mounted robotic arms of the set of robotic arms.The surgical robotics system 400B configures the column-mounted roboticarms to access portions of a patient lying on the table 401B before,during, and/or after a surgical procedure. The column-mounted roboticarms access portions near the groin of the patient for surgicalprocedures such as ureteroscopy, percutaneous nephrolithotomy (PCNL),colonoscopy, and fluoroscopy. The column-mounted robotic arms to accessportions near the core (e.g., abdomen) area the patient for surgicalprocedures such as prostatectomy, colectomy, cholecystectomy, andinguinal hernia. The column-mounted robotic arms to access portions nearthe head of the patient for surgical procedures such as bronchoscopy,endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP).

The surgical robotics system 400B automatically reconfigures thecolumn-mounted robotic arms, column rings, column, and table to performdifferent surgical procedures. The features of each subsystem andcomponent of the surgical robotics system 400B enable the same set ofrobotics arms to access a large working volume, and multiple workingvolumes (based on the configuration), to perform a variety of surgicalprocedures on the patient. In particular, as mentioned above, therobotic arms may be configured in a first configuration to access thepatients' groin area, in a second configuration to access the patients'abdomen area, and in a third configuration to access the patients' headarea, in addition to other possible configurations. The degrees offreedom provided by the arm segments of the robotic arms, column rings,column, and table contribute to the wide range of configurations. Thesurgical robotics system 400B includes a computer system that storescomputer program instructions, for example within a non-transitorycomputer-readable storage medium such as a persistent magnetic storagedrive, solid state drive, etc. When executed by a processor of thecomputer system, the instructions cause the components of the surgicalrobotics system 400B to automatically reconfigure without the need forintervention, or with minimal intervention, from a user, e.g., aphysician. For example, based on the instructions, the computer systemsends an electronic control signal to motors of the robotics arms. Inresponse to receiving the control signal, the motors rotate arm segmentsof the robotics arms into a certain position. The physician or anotheruser may design a configuration of the surgical robotics system bycreating the instructions and providing the instructions to the computersystem. For example, the instructions are uploaded to a database of thecomputer system. The automatic configurability of the surgical roboticssystem 400B is an advantage because the automatic configurability savesresources. Specifically, the surgical robotics system 400B reduces theamount of time taken by users to setup the surgical robotics system 400Bfor a surgical procedure. Further, by using the surgical robotics system400B for a variety of surgical procedures, users reduce the amount ofsurgical equipment that they need to purchase, maintain, store, andlearn to operate.

Alternative views and embodiments of use cases of the surgical roboticssystem 400B with column-mounted robotic arms including the abovementioned components are further illustrated and described at least inU.S. Provisional Application No. 62/162,486 filed May 15, 2015 and U.S.Provisional Application No. 62/162,467 filed May 15, 2015.

VII. A. Lower Body Surgery

FIG. 7A is an isometric view of a surgical robotics system 700A withcolumn-mounted arms configured to access the lower body area of apatient 708 according to one embodiment. The surgical robotics system700A is an embodiment of—though includes more components than—thesurgical robotics system 400B in FIG. 4B. Specifically, the surgicalrobotics system 700A includes a set of robotic arms (including fiverobotic arms in total) and a set of three column rings. A first roboticarm 770A and a second robotic arm 770B are coupled to a first columnring 705A. A third robotic arm 770C and a fourth robotic arm 770D arecoupled to a second column ring 705B. A fifth robotic arm 770E iscoupled to a third column ring 705C. FIG. 7A shows a wireframe of thepatient 708 lying on the table 701 undergoing a surgical procedure,e.g., ureteroscopy, requiring access to the lower body area of thepatient 708. Legs of the patient 708 are not shown as to not obscureportions of the surgical robotics system 700A.

The surgical robotics system 700A configures the set of robotic arms toperform a surgical procedure on the lower body area of the patient 708.Specifically, the surgical robotics system 700A configures the set ofrobotic arms to manipulate a surgical instrument 710. FIG. 7A shows theset of robotic arms inserting the surgical instrument 710 along avirtual rail 790 into the groin area of the patient 708. Generally, avirtual rail 790 is a co-axial trajectory along which the set of roboticarms translates a surgical instrument (typically a telescopinginstrument). The second robotic arm 770B, the third robotic arm 770C,and the fifth robotic arm 770E are coupled, e.g., holding, the surgicalinstrument 710. The first robotic arm 770A and the fourth robotic arm770D are stowed to the sides of the surgical robotics system becausethey are not necessarily required to for the surgical procedure—or atleast part of the surgical procedure-shown in FIG. 7A The robotic armsare configured such that they manipulate the surgical instrument 710from a distance away from the patient 708. This is advantageous, forexample, because there is often limited space available closer towardthe patient's body or there is a sterile boundary around the patient708. Further, there may also be a sterile drape around surgicalequipment. During a surgical procedure, only sterile objects are allowedpass the sterile boundary. Thus, the surgical robotics system 700A maystill use robotic arms that are positioned outside of the sterileboundary and that are covered with sterilized drapes to perform asurgical procedure.

In one embodiment, the surgical robotics system 700A configures the setof robotic arms to perform an endoscopy surgical procedure on thepatient 708. The set of robotic arms hold an endoscope, e.g., thesurgical instrument 710. The set of robotic arms insert the endoscopeinto the patient's body via an opening in the groin area of the patient708. The endoscope is a flexible, slender, and tubular instrument withoptical components such as a camera and optical cable. The opticalcomponents collect data representing images of portions inside thepatient's body. A user of the surgical robotics system 700A uses thedata to assist with performing the endoscopy.

FIG. 7B is a top view of the surgical robotics system 700A withcolumn-mounted arms configured to access the lower body area of thepatient 708 according to one embodiment.

FIG. 7C is an isometric view of an imaging device 740 and a surgicalrobotics system 700B with column-mounted arms configured to access thelower body area of a patient 708 according to one embodiment. Thesurgical robotics system 700B is an embodiment of the surgical roboticssystem 400B in FIG. 4B. The surgical robotics system 700B includes apair of stirrups 720 that support the legs of the patient 708, and thusexposing the groin area of the patient 708. Generally, the imagingdevice 740 captures images of body parts or other objects inside apatient 708. The imaging device 740 may be a C-arm, also referred to asa mobile C-arm, which is often used for fluoroscopy type surgicalprocedures, or another type of imaging device. A C-arm includes agenerator, detector, and imaging system (not shown). The generator iscoupled to the bottom end of the C-arm and faces upward toward thepatient 708. The detector is coupled to the top end of the C-arm andfaces downward toward the patient 708. The generator emits X-ray wavestoward the patient 708. The X-ray waves penetrate the patient 708 andare received by the detector. Based on the received X-ray waves, theimaging system 740 generates the images of body parts or other objectsinside the patient 708. The swivel segment 210 of the table 401B isrotated laterally such that the groin area of the patient 708 is alignedin between the generator and detector of the C-arm imaging device 740.The C-arm is a physically large device with a footprint that needs tostationed underneath the patient. In particular, the generator of theC-arm needs to be underneath the operative area of the patient, e.g.,the abdomen area. In typical surgical beds mounted to a column, thecolumn interferes with the positioning of the C-arm generator, e.g.,because the column is also underneath the operative area. In contrast,due to the configurability of the swivel segment 210, the surgicalrobotics system 700B may configure the table 401B such that the C-arm,the robotic arms, and a user (e.g., physician) have a sufficient rangeof access to perform a surgical procedure on a working area thepatient's body. In one example use case, the table 401B is translatedlaterally along a longitudinal axis of the table 401B such that therobotic arms can access the groin or lower abdomen area of a patient onthe table 401B. In another example use case, by rotating the swivelsegment 210 away from the column 402B, the generator of the C-arm 740may be positioned underneath the groin area of the patient 708. Theswivel segment 210—with a patient lying on the swivel segment 210—may berotated at least to 45 degrees relative to a longitudinal axis of thetable 401B without tipping over the surgical robotics system. Inparticular, the surgical robotics system does not tip because the centerof mass of the surgical robotics system (e.g., the center of mass of thecombined, at least, table, bed, and base) is positioned above afootprint of the base. Outrigger casters, further described withreference to FIGS. 8G-J in Section VIII. Base, may provide furtherstability to prevent the surgical robotics system from tipping over whena swivel segment is rotated away from the table.

The surgical robotics system 700B uses a set of column-mounted roboticarms to manipulate a surgical instrument 710. Each of the robotic armsis coupled to, e.g., holding, the surgical instrument 710. The surgicalrobotics system 700B uses the robotic arms to insert the surgicalinstrument 710 into the groin area of the patient along a virtual rail790.

FIG. 7D is a top view of the imaging device 740 and the surgicalrobotics system 700B with column-mounted arms configured to access thelower body area of the patient 708 according to one embodiment.

VII. B. Core Body Surgery

FIG. 7E is an isometric view of the surgical robotics system 700B (or400B) with column-mounted arms configured to access the core body areaof a patient 708 according to one embodiment. The surgical roboticssystem 700B has been reconfigured from the configuration shown in FIG.7C-D where the robotic arms access the lower body area of the patient708. In embodiments where the table includes a swivel segment 210, theswivel segment 210 of the table is rotated in-line with the rest of thetable. The patient 708 lying on the table 401B is undergoing a surgicalprocedure, e.g., prostatectomy or laparoscopy, requiring access to thecore body area of the patient 708. Each robotic arm is manipulating asurgical instrument to perform the surgical procedure. The surgicalrobotics system 700B raises the column rings 405B and 405C toward thetable 401B so that the robotic arms have greater access the patient 708.Further, the surgical robotics system 700B rotates the column rings suchthat two of the robotic arms extend from one side of the table 401B andthe other two robotic arms extend from the opposite side of the 401B.Thus, the robotic arms are less likely to interfere with each other(e.g., a robotic arm blocking the motion of another robotic arm) duringthe surgical procedure.

VII. C. Upper Body Surgery

FIG. 7F is an isometric view of the surgical robotics system 700B (or400B) with column-mounted arms configured to access the upper body areaof a patient 708 according to one embodiment. The surgical roboticssystem 700B has been reconfigured from the configuration shown in FIG.7E where the robotic arms access the core body area of the patient 708.In embodiments where the table includes a swivel segment 210, the swivelsegment 210 of the table is rotated in-line with the rest of the table.The patient 708 lying on the table 401B is undergoing a surgicalprocedure, e.g., bronchoscopy, requiring access to the upper body areaof the patient 708, specifically the head of the patient 708. Therobotic arm 470C and the robotic arm 470D are inserting a surgicalinstrument 710D, e.g., a bronchoscope, into the mouth of the patient 708along a virtual rail 790. The robotic arm 470B is coupled to, e.g.,holding, an introducer 750. The introducer 750 is a surgical instrumentthat directs the bronchoscope into the mouth of the patient 708.Specifically, the trajectory of the bronchoscope along the virtual rail790 begins parallel to the patient 708. The introducer 750 changes theangle of the virtual rail 790 just before the bronchoscope enters themouth. The robotic arm 470E (not shown in FIG. 7F) is not used for thesurgical procedure, and thus is stowed away.

VIII. Base

FIG. 8A is an isometric view of a base 403A of a surgical roboticssystem 800A according to one embodiment. The surgical robotics system800A is an embodiment of the surgical robotics system 400B in FIG. 4B.The surgical robotics system 800A stores column-mounted robotic armsand/or column rings (not shown) inside the base 403B when the roboticarms are not in use. The base 403B includes a first panel 820A and asecond panel 820B that cover stored robotic arms. The first panel 820Aand the second panel 820B are advantageous because they prevent wastematerials from de-sterilizing or otherwise contaminating stored roboticarms.

FIG. 8B is an isometric view of open panels of the base 403B accordingto one embodiment. The first panel 820A and the second panel 820B pivotaway from the column 802A such that column-mounted robotic arms haveaccess to inside the base 403B. The first panel 820A includes a cutout830A and the second panel 820B includes a cutout 830B. The cutouts 830Aand 830B conform to the shape of the column 402B such that the panels820A and 820B form a seal around the column 402B when closed. Thesurgical robotics system 800A may automatically open and close the firstpanel 820A and the second panel 820B using motors or other means ofactuation. A user of the surgical robotics system 800A may also manuallyopen and close the first panel 820A and the second panel 820B.

FIG. 8C is an isometric view of a robotic arm stowed inside a base 403Bof a surgical robotics system 800B according to one embodiment. Thesurgical robotics system 800B is an embodiment of the surgical roboticssystem 400B in FIG. 4B. The surgical robotics system 800B storescolumn-mounted robotic arms 470B and 470D and column rings 405B and 405Cinside the base 403B when the robotic arms are not in use. The base 403Bincludes a first panel 820A and a second panel 820B that cover storedrobotic arms and column rings. The first panel 820A includes a cutout830C. The second panel 820B also includes a cutout (not shown due tobeing obscured by other components). The cutouts conform to the shape ofthe column 402B such that the panels 820A and 820B form a seal aroundthe column 402B when closed.

The first panel 820A and a second panel 820B translate laterally toprovide access for the robotic arms and column rings into the base 403B.FIG. 8C shows the first panel 820A and a second panel 820B translated toform an opening. The opening may be large enough to provide access for arobotic arm, but not too large as to still provide protection to therobotic arms even when the panels are open. The robotic arm 470D andcolumn ring 405C are stowed inside the base 403B. The robotic arm 470Band column ring 405B are outside the base 403B, though they may also bestowed inside the base 403B. The surgical robotics system 800B mayautomatically open and close the first panel 820A and the second panel820B using motors or other means of actuation. A user of the surgicalrobotics system 800B may also manually open and close the first panel820A and the second panel 820B.

FIG. 8D is an isometric view of robotic arms stowed underneath the table701 of the surgical robotics system 700A according to one embodiment.Specifically, the arm segments of each robotic arm rotate such that therobotic arm is in a compact configuration for stowage. The surgicalrobotics system 700A raises the first column ring 705A and the secondcolumn ring 705B, and lowers the third column ring 705C toward thecenter of the column 702. This way, the robotic arms have enough spacein the stowed configuration without interfering with each other. In oneembodiment, the column 702 includes covers (e.g., similar to panels 820Aand 820B) over the robotics arms to protect the robotic arms fromcontamination or damage.

FIG. 8E is an isometric view of robotic arms stowed above the base 403Bof the surgical robotics system 400B according to one embodiment. Therobotic arms 470B, 470C, 470D, and 470E are in a stowed configuration.Specifically, the arm segments of each robotic arm rotate such that therobotic arm is in a compact configuration for stowage. The surgicalrobotics system 400B lowers the first column ring 405B and the secondcolumn ring 405C along the column 402B such that the stowed robotic armsrest on the base 403B and are away from the table 401B. A cover (notshown) such as a drape or panel may be used to cover the stowed roboticarms for protection from de-sterilization or other contamination.

FIG. 8F is another isometric view of robotic arms stowed above the base403B of the surgical robotics system 800C according to one embodiment.The robotic arms are rail-mounted instead of column-mounted.Rail-mounted robotic arms are further described with reference to FIGS.9A-B and FIGS. 10A-D in Section IX. Rail-Mounted Robotic Arms andSection X. Rails, respectively. The surgical robotics system 800C is anembodiment of the surgical robotics system 900B further described withreference to FIG. 9B in Section IX. Rail-Mounted Robotic Arms. Therobotic arms 870C, 870D, 870E, 870F, 870G, and 870H are in a stowedconfiguration.

FIG. 8G is an isometric view of outrigger casters on a base 803 of asurgical robotics system according to one embodiment. The base 803 shownin FIG. 8G includes four outrigger casters 840A, 840B, 840C, and 840D,each substantially the same as each other and positioned at a differentcomer of the base 803, though it should be noted that, in otherembodiments, a base may include any number of outrigger casterspositioned in other locations on the base. The outrigger casters 840A,840B, 840C, and 840D are each in a mobile configuration, i.e., thecaster wheel physically contacts the ground. Thus, a user of thesurgical robotics system may transport the surgical robotics systemusing the caster wheels, e.g., to a storage area when the surgicalrobotics system is not in use.

FIG. 8H is another isometric view of the outrigger casters 840A, 840B,840C, and 840D on the base 803 of the surgical robotics system accordingto one embodiment. The outrigger casters 840A, 840B, 840C, and 840D areeach in a stationary configuration, i.e., the outrigger caster isrotated such that the caster wheel does not physically contact theground. Thus, the surgical robotics system may be stabilized andimmobilized during a surgical procedure.

FIG. 8I is a side view of the outrigger caster 840A in a mobileconfiguration according to one embodiment. The outrigger caster 840Aincludes a caster wheel 842 movably coupled to an outrigger mount 844.The outrigger mount 844 is coupled to a foot 846. The first linkage 848is movably coupled to the outrigger mount 844 by the first hinge 850.The second linkage 852 is movably coupled to the outrigger mount 844 bythe second hinge 854. In the mobile configuration, the caster wheel 842may rotate to move the outrigger caster 840 along the ground.

FIG. 8J is a side view of the outrigger caster 840A in a stationaryconfiguration according to one embodiment. In the stationaryconfiguration, the caster wheel 842 may freely rotate, but the casterwheel 842 does not move the outrigger caster 840A because the casterwheel 842 is not physically in contact with the ground. The surgicalrobotics system (or a user) rotates the outrigger caster 840A, e.g., 90degrees, to change the outrigger caster 840A from the mobileconfiguration to the stationary configuration. Thus, the foot 846 nowphysically contacts the ground, and helps prevent the surgical roboticssystem from moving. The foot 846 may have a larger footprint relative tothe caster wheel 842 to provide additional stability on the ground. Thelinkages 848 and 852 are positioned such that they do not interfere withthe rotational path of the outrigger caster 840A. Combining the casterwheel 842 and the foot 846 in the outrigger caster 840A is advantageous,e.g., because the outrigger caster 840A allows the surgical roboticssystem to change between the mobile and stationary configurations usinga compact mechanism, compared to having separate mechanisms for castersand stabilization. Further, in use cases of surgical robotics systemsincluding swivel segments that rotate a patient lying on the swivelsegment away from a corresponding table (e.g., as illustrated in FIGS.7C-D), the feet of outrigger casters (in the stationary configuration)help prevent the surgical robotics system from tipping over due to thecenter of mass of the patient extending beyond the table base.

Alternative views and embodiments of the base 403B including the abovementioned components are further illustrated and described at least inU.S. Provisional Application No. 62/203,530 filed Aug. 11, 2015.

IX. Rail-Mounted Robotic Arms

FIG. 9A is an isometric view of a surgical robotics system 900A with arail-mounted robotic arm according to one embodiment. The surgicalrobotics system 900A includes a set of robotic arms (including at leastarm 470A) and a set of base rails (including at least base rail 980A).The robotic arm 470A is coupled to the base rail 980A. Base rails arefurther described with respect to FIGS. 10A-D in Section X. Rails below.The base rail 980A is movably coupled to the base 103. Thus, the roboticarm 470A may be referred to as a rail-mounted robotic arm 470A.

FIG. 9B is an isometric view of a surgical robotics system 900B withrail-mounted robotic arms according to one embodiment. The surgicalrobotics system 900B includes robotic arms 470B, 470C, 470D, and 470Eeach coupled to a first base rail 980B or a second base rail 980C. Thefirst base rail 980B and the second base rail 980C are movably coupledto the base 103.

In other embodiments, the surgical robotics system 900B may includeadditional or fewer robotic arms and/or base rails. Further, the roboticarms may be coupled to base rails in various configurations. Forexample, three robotic arms may be coupled to a base rail. Additionally,the surgical robotics system 900B may include three base rails eachcoupled to a robotic arm.

The surgical robotics system 900B may translate robotic arms mounted toa base rail by translating the base rails relative to the base 103. Baserails may translate beyond the starting footprint of the base 103, whichallows the robotic arms to operate in a larger volume of space. Further,the surgical robotics system 900B may translate robotic arms mounted toa base rail independently from each other by translating the roboticarms relative to the base rail. This is advantageous, for example,because the surgical robotics system 900B may position the robotic armsin different configurations to perform a variety of surgical procedures.

Alternative views and embodiments of the surgical robotics system 900Bwith rail-mounted robotic arms including the above mentioned componentsare further illustrated and described at least in U.S. ProvisionalApplication No. 62/193,604 filed Jul. 17, 2015 and U.S. ProvisionalApplication No. 62/201,518 filed Aug. 5, 2015.

X. Rails

FIG. 10A is an isometric view of base rails of a surgical roboticssystem 1000 according to one embodiment. A base rail includes a set ofone or more arm mounts each movably coupled to the base rail. Further,each arm mount is an embodiment of the arm mount 506A or 506B previouslydescribed with reference to FIG. 5A in Section V. Column Ring.Specifically, the base rail 980B includes arm mounts 1006A, 1006B, and1006C.

FIG. 10B is an isometric view of arm mounts on the base rail 980Baccording to one embodiment. The arm mounts 1006A, 1006B, and 1006C eachinclude a belt and pinion assembly. Specifically, the belt and pinionassembly of arm mount 1006A includes a bracket 1012, motor 1014, belt1016, and pinion 1018. The belt and pinion assemblies of arm mount 1006Band 1006C are constructed similarly.

The surgical robotics system 1000 translates arm mounts—and thus,robotic arms mounted to the arm mounts-along base rails using the beltand pinion assemblies. Specifically, the arm mount 1006A is movablycoupled to a channel 1020 of the base rail 980B by the bracket 1012. Thebracket 1012 is coupled to motor 1014, belt 1016, and pinion 1018. Themotor 1014 is coupled to the pinion 1018 by the belt 1016. Thus, outputrotation of the motor 1014 causes the pinion 1018 to rotate. The pinion1018 is engaged with a rail lead screw 1010 of the base rail 980B.Rotation of the pinion 1018 causes the arm mount 1006A to translatealong the base rail 980B parallel to the rail lead screw 1010.

FIG. 10C is an isometric cutaway view of an arm mount 1006A on the baserail 980B according to one embodiment. The arm mount 1006A includes abelt and pinion assembly. Specifically, the belt and pinion assemblyincludes a motor 1014, belt 1016, pinion 1018, and bearing 1022. Thesurgical robotics system 1000 translates the arm mount 1006A—and thus, arobotic arm mounted to the arm mount 1006A-along the base rail 980Busing the belt and pinion assembly. The motor 1014 is coupled to thepinion 1018 by the belt 1016. Thus, output rotation of the motor 1014causes the pinion 1018 to rotate. The pinion 1018 is coupled to thebearing 1022. In some embodiments, the bearing 1022 forms a rack andpinion assembly with the base rail 980B. Specifically, the bearing 1022is a gear (i.e., the pinion) and is engaged with a rack 1024 of the baserail 980B. Rotation of the pinion 1018 causes the bearing 1022 totranslate along the base rail 980B parallel to the rack 1024. Thus, thearm mount 1006A also translates along the base rail 980B.

FIG. 10D is cross sectional views of the base rail 980B according to oneembodiment. The cross sectional view 1000A shows a basic profile of anembodiment of the base rail 980B. The cross sectional view 1000B shows areinforced profile of an embodiment of the base rail 980B. The lowersegment 1030B of the reinforced profile is larger in size than the lowersegment 1030A of the basic profile. Thus, the reinforced profile is anadvantage, for example, because it enables the base rail 980B towithstand greater loads relative to the basic profile. Both the basicand the reinforced profiles have a T-slot attachment 1040, which engageswith a corresponding T-slot on a base of a surgical robotics system.

Alternative views and embodiments of the base rails 980A, 980B, and 980Cincluding the above mentioned components are further illustrated anddescribed at least in U.S. Provisional Application No. 62/193,604 filedJul. 17, 2015 and U.S. Provisional Application No. 62/201,518 filed Aug.5, 2015.

XI. Alternate Configurations

XI. A. Hybrid Configuration

FIG. 11 is an isometric view of a surgical robotics system 1100 withcolumn-mounted robotics arms and rail-mounted robotic arms according toone embodiment. Due to the hybrid configuration including bothcolumn-mounted robotics arms and rail-mounted robotic arms, the surgicalrobotics system 1100 may configure the robotic arms in a greater numberof (or different types of) positions compared to surgical roboticssystems with column-mounted robotics arms only or rail-mounted roboticarms only. Further, the surgical robotics system 1100 takes advantage ofthe rotational motion of robotic arms using the column rings as well astranslational motion of the robotic arms using the base rails.

XI. B. Cart-Based Robotic Arm Column

FIG. 12 is an isometric view of a surgical robotics system 1200 withcolumn-mounted robotics arms on a column 402B and base 403B separate,e.g., as a free standing cart, from a table 101, column 102, and base103 of the surgical robotics system 1200 according to one embodiment.The surgical robotics system 1200 configures the robotic arms to accessthe lower body area of patient 708 lying on the table 101. In oneembodiment, mounting the robotic arms on a cart including the column402B separate from the column 102 coupled to the table 101 with thepatient is advantageous. For example, because the surgical roboticssystem 1200 may configure the robotic arms to a greater number of (ordifferent types of) positions compared to surgical robotics systems withrobotics arms mounted to the same column as the table, which are limitedat least in the angles where the table extends past the column 102.Further, the cart may include outrigger casters (e.g., previouslydescribed with reference to FIGS. 8G-J in Section VIII. Base) that allowusers to more easily transport the robotic arms or keep the cartstationary. Mounting the robotic arms separately can also reduce thenumber of components and complexity of the column coupled to the tablewith the patient.

Alternative views and embodiments of the surgical robotics system 1100,the surgical robotics system 1200, and other surgical robotics systemsincluding the above mentioned components are further illustrated anddescribed at least in U.S. Provisional Application No. 62/162,486 filedMay 15, 2015, U.S. Provisional Application No. 62/162,467 filed May 15,2015, U.S. Provisional Application No. 62/193,604 filed Jul. 17, 2015,U.S. Provisional Application No. 62/201,518 filed Aug. 5, 2015, U.S.Provisional Application No. 62/203,530 filed Aug. 11, 2015, and U.S.Provisional Application No. 62/235,394 filed Sep. 30, 2015.

XII. Additional Considerations

Upon reading this disclosure, those of skill in the art will appreciatestill additional alternative structural and functional designs throughthe disclosed principles herein. Thus, while particular embodiments andapplications have been illustrated and described, it is to be understoodthat the disclosed embodiments are not limited to the preciseconstruction and components disclosed herein. Various modifications,changes and variations, which will be apparent to those skilled in theart, may be made in the arrangement, operation and details of the methodand apparatus disclosed herein without departing from the spirit andscope defined in the appended claims.

As used herein any reference to “one embodiment” or “an embodiment”means that a particular element, feature, structure, or characteristicdescribed in connection with the embodiment is included in at least oneembodiment. The appearances of the phrase “in one embodiment” in variousplaces in the specification are not necessarily all referring to thesame embodiment.

Some embodiments may be described using the expression “coupled” and“connected” along with their derivatives. For example, some embodimentsmay be described using the term “coupled” to indicate that two or moreelements are in direct physical or electrical contact. The term“coupled,” however, may also mean that two or more elements are not indirect contact with each other, but yet still co-operate or interactwith each other. The embodiments are not limited in this context unlessotherwise explicitly stated.

As used herein, the terms “comprises,” “comprising,” “includes,”“including,” “has,” “having” or any other variation thereof, areintended to cover a non-exclusive inclusion. For example, a process,method, article, or apparatus that comprises a list of elements is notnecessarily limited to only those elements but may include otherelements not expressly listed or inherent to such process, method,article, or apparatus. Further, unless expressly stated to the contrary,“or” refers to an inclusive or and not to an exclusive or. For example,a condition A or B is satisfied by any one of the following: A is true(or present) and B is false (or not present), A is false (or notpresent) and B is true (or present), and both A and B are true (orpresent).

In addition, use of the “a” or “an” are employed to describe elementsand components of the embodiments herein. This is done merely forconvenience and to give a general sense of the invention. Thisdescription should be read to include one or at least one and thesingular also includes the plural unless it is obvious that it is meantotherwise.

What is claimed is:
 1. A system comprising: a table configured tosupport a patient positioned on the table; a column coupled to thetable; a base coupled to the column; a first rail configured totranslate relative to the base; and a first robotic arm coupled to thefirst rail, wherein the first robotic arm is configured to translatealong the first rail, manipulate a medical instrument relative to thepatient positioned on the table, and the first rail or the first roboticarm is configured to be stowable underneath the table.
 2. The system ofclaim 1, further comprising a second robotic arm coupled to the firstrail.
 3. The system of claim 2, wherein the second robotic arm isconfigured to translate along the first rail independently of the firstrobotic arm.
 4. The system of claim 1, further comprising a second railconfigured to translate relative to the base.
 5. The system of claim 1,wherein: the first rail is configured to translate along a first axis;and the first arm is configured to translate along a second axis.
 6. Thesystem of claim 5, wherein the second axis is parallel to the firstaxis.
 7. The system of claim 5, wherein the second axis is coincidentwith the first axis.
 8. The system of claim 1, wherein the first roboticarm is configured to be stowable underneath the table.
 9. The system ofclaim 1, wherein the first rail is configured to be stowable underneaththe table.
 10. The system of claim 1, wherein the medical instrumentcomprises one of a catheter, an endoscope, or a laparoscope.
 11. Thesystem of claim 1, wherein the first rail is coupled to one of thetable, the column, or the base.
 12. A system comprising: a tableconfigured to support a patient positioned on the table; a columncoupled to the table; a rail extending along a first axis; a robotic armcoupled to the rail and configured to translate along the first axis andto manipulate a medical instrument relative to the patient; and a basecoupled to the column, the base comprising a stowage area configured toreceive at least one of the rail or the robotic arm.
 13. A systemcomprising: a table configured to support a patient on the table; acolumn coupled to the table; a base coupled to the column; a railextending along a first axis; a robotic arm coupled to the rail, therobotic arm configured to manipulate a medical instrument relative tothe patient, wherein the rail or the robotic arm is further configuredto be stowable within a volume of the base.
 14. The system of claim 13,wherein the base comprises a panel configured to cover the volume in thebase.
 15. The system of claim 14, wherein the panel is configured to bemechanically actuated.
 16. The system of claim 14, wherein the panel isconfigured to translate laterally to allow the robotic arm to be stowedwithin the volume.
 17. The system of claim 14, wherein the volume issized to stow the rail.
 18. The system of claim 17, wherein the rail isconfigured to translate into the volume for stowage.
 19. The system ofclaim 13, wherein the rail is coupled to one of the table, the column,or the base.
 20. A system comprising: a table configured to support apatient positioned on the table; a column coupled to the table; a basecoupled to the column; a first rail configured to translate relative tothe base, wherein the first rail is configured to translate along afirst axis; and a first robotic arm coupled to the first rail, whereinthe first robotic arm is configured to translate along the first railalong a second axis, separate from the first axis, and manipulate amedical instrument relative to the patient positioned on the table. 21.The system of claim 20, wherein the second axis is parallel to the firstaxis.